![]() Cellular receptors can broadly categorize into internal receptors, cell-surface receptors, ion channel receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and enzyme-linked receptors. Each type of signaling requires a ligand and a receptor. Endocrine signaling is when cell signals travel to target cell receptors in a different part of the body through the bloodstream. Paracrine signaling is communication between cells that are nearby. Signaling across gap junctions is when small signaling molecules move directly across neighboring cells that are attached. Autocrine signaling is when a cell releases a signal that then binds one of its receptors to change its functioning. The major categories of cellular signaling include autocrine, signal across a gap junction, paracrine, and endocrine. There are several different types of cellular signaling, all of which depend on different ligands and cellular receptors. ![]() Typically, a single ligand will have a single receptor to which it can bind and cause a cellular response. The binding results in a cellular effect, which manifests as any number of changes in that cell, including altering gene transcription or translation or changing cell morphology. ![]() The ligand is a chemical messenger released by one cell to signal either itself or a different cell. In normal physiology, this is a chemical signal where a protein-ligand binds a protein receptor. Cellular receptors are proteins either inside a cell or on its surface which receive a signal.
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